Writing a Research Paper
| Site: | College of the Rockies - Online |
| Course: | SAMPLE COURSE: "Learning How to Learn at College 2024-2025" |
| Book: | Writing a Research Paper |
| Printed by: | Guest user , |
| Date: | Wednesday, 6 November 2024, 10:31 PM |
First Things
Your paper begins when you first identify your topic. When writing a persuasive or argumentative essay, you are presenting your ideas and opinions about your essay topic.
To begin:
- identify your central topic (example: bicycle helmets)
- identify your perspective and the context (example: context is rider safety; perspective is bicycle helmets increase rider safety) - this is the basis for your thesis statement
- identify possible sub-topics (example: types of helmets; types of accidents; age of cyclists; experience of cyclists; type of bicycle activity - road riding; mountain biking; etc.)
- determine which sub-topics you wish to include in your essay - this often depends on available research and what you want to emphasize
- research each sub-topic and identify how it supports/contradicts your thesis statement
- record citation information for each article, book, video, web page, etc. you find
- organize your results by sub-topic
- each sub-topic would provide the basis for one paragraph
- write a topic sentence for each paragraph
- write your paper integrating relevant information into the appropriate paragraph
- write a concluding paragraph
- compile your reference page
- make use of the writing help available to review and revise
Self-Help Guides to Writing Essays
- Guidelines for Writing an Essay. Hamilton University. Writing Resources- includes structure; grammar; writing for different topics (example: poetry, philosophy, the sciences, etc.)
- The Basics of Essay Writing. UNSW Sydney
- The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay: Steps & Examples. Scribbr
- Academic Essay Writing: Some Guidelines. Carleton University. Department of Economics
- How to Write an Academic Essay. EssayPro.com - explains the differences between the various types of essays (example: persuasive, narrative, etc.)
Templates to help you get organized:
- Essay writing templates. State Library of Victoria, Australia
Thesis Statement
A good thesis statement:
- will tell the reader what you are arguing for/against
- will hint at your reasons
- is the foundation upon which you will build your essay
- will help keep your essay focused
- usually answers a question (Is music piracy good/bad for the music industry?)
- is usually debatable
Example:
Bicycle helmets are important safety gear in Canada.
(This statement clearly states that bicycle helmets are important safety gear but doesn’t tell the reader why or identify the key ideas to be discussed in the body of the essay.)
Bicycle helmets are important safety gear in Canada because they can save lives and government regulation should make their use mandatory.
(This statement also says that bicycle helmets are important safety gear but it adds the information that they save lives and recommends that government should make their usage mandatory – both ideas that can be developed and expanded in the body of the essay.)
Resources to help develop a strong thesis
(all provide additional examples of thesis statements)
- Tips and Examples for Writing Thesis Statements. Purdue Online Writing Lab
- Using thesis statements. University of Toronto. Writing Advice - includes links to information on writing introductions and conclusions as well as topic sentences
- Persuasive essays. Hamilton University. Writing Center - provides some good, basic tips for writing a persuasive essay, including how to create a good thesis statement
- How to Write a Thesis Statement: Three Steps & Examples. Scribbr
- Developing a Thesis. Harvard University. Writing Center
Introductory Paragraph
- should grab the reader’s attention, so they want to read more
- provides some general background information on the topic to be discussed
- includes some brief information about the key points to be included in the thesis statement.
- end with your thesis statement
Resources to help develop a good introductory paragraph
- The Introductory Paragraph University of California. Santa Barbara. Writing Program
- Basic Essay Structure: Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs Rochester Institute of Technology. SEA - Supporting English Acquisition
- Writing paragraphs. University of Ottawa. The Writing Centre
- University of Toronto. Writing Advice - includes planning, researching, using sources, revising, types of writing, and grammar
- Paragraphs, Flow and Connectivity. University of Sheffield
- How to Write Academic Paragraphs: A step-by-step guide. Scribbr
Topic Sentences
- are usually the first sentence in a paragraph
- help organize the paragraph by identifying the information to be covered in that paragraph.
- connect the topic of a specific paragraph to the thesis statement
Example:
It should be mandatory for everyone to where a bicycle helmet.
(This sentence that clearly states that bicycle helmets are important, but doesn’t tell the reader why they are important or identify the key ideas to be discussed in the paragraph.)
Bicycle helmets should be mandatory because they have a vital role in improving road safety and accident survival rates.
(This sentence clearly states that helmets are important but also tells why, with the why relating back to the thesis statement. The sentence also identifies two topics that can be expanded on in the body of the paper.)
Resources to help develop a strong topic sentences
- Writing a good topic sentence. English for University.com
- Paragraphs and topic sentences. Indiana University. Writing Tutorial Services
Body of Your Essay
- explains and supports the thesis statement
- includes multiple paragraphs, each with their own topic and concluding sentences
- is where you present your evidence (examples: quotes, facts, statistics, examples, etc.)
Resources to help develop the body of your essay
- Essay Writing: the main body University of Leeds. Skills@Library
- Strong Body Paragraphs
- Essay Body Paragraphs Massey University. Te Kunenga Ki Purehuroa
Incorporating Quotations:
- Integrating Quotes Vanier College
- Body Paragraphs EasyBib
Words
Having the correct words will help when you are writing, so here are some links that may be useful. Remember, check a dictionary if you aren't certain what a word means.
- 189 Powerful Words That Convert: Write Copy That Gets Your Customer’s Attention Every Time Buffer - provides examples of the words in use
- List of Persuasive Words Professor Arce's ESL
- Transition, Persuasive, and Descriptive Words Syracuse City Schools
- Transitional Words and Phrases University of Wisconsin. The Writing Center
- Transition Words PennState. Effective Technical Writing in the Information Age
- Transition Words English Language Smart Words
- Reporting Verbs Education First
- Reporting Verbs ELTbase.com - shows how to use reporting verbs in sentences
Wordiness
Having the correct words is good, but using too many is bad ... and can dilute your argument.
- Wordiness: Danger Signals and Ways to React University of Toronto. Writing Advice
- Writing Concise Sentences CCC Foundation
- Eliminating Words Purdue Online Writing Lab
Concluding or Transition Sentences
- summarizing the controlling idea in a paragraph
- link one paragraph to the next
- may qualify the information
- don’t repeat the topic sentence, but they re-enforce it and relate it to the topic of the following paragraph.
Example:
Therefore, the reason bicycle helmet should be mandatory is because of their vital role in improving road safety and accident survival rates.
(This sentence clearly restates the topic sentence, but does not give the reader any idea of what topic will be covered in the next paragraph.)
As seen, bicycle helmets have been proven to improve road safety and accident survival rates yet the number of people who actually wear bicycle helmets remains relatively low.
(This sentence reinforces the fact that bicycle helmets are important to road safety and accident survival rates; it also introduces the idea that the number of people who wear helmets is relatively low; the next paragraph in the essay would be about how many people actually wear bicycle helmets.)
Resources to help develop effective Concluding Sentences
- Concluding sentence. Rochester Institute of Technology. SEA - Supporting English Acquisition
- Concluding sentences. University of Sidney (2012)
- Concluding sentence. Writing Right English (2011)
- Concluding sentence. Time 4 Writing.com (2017)
- thorough discussion with examples; highly recommended
Concluding Paragraph
- provides your last chance to persuade your readers to your perspective
- explains why the thesis was important
- provide a sense of closure
- convey a sense of the possibilities or provide a direction
- leaves the reader with a sense of completeness and, depending on the topic of the essay, a desire to find out more
Resources to help develop effective Concluding Paragraphs
- Writing a Good Conclusion Paragraph. Time 4 Writing.com (2017)
- Ending the Essay: Conclusions. Harvard College Writing Center (1998)
- Basic Essay Structure: Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs Rochester Institute of Technology. SEA - Supporting English Acquisition
- The Concluding Paragraph University of California. Santa Barbara. Writing Program
- Writing a Developed and Detailed Conclusion Purdue OWL Engagement
- Writing Effective Conclusions University of Richmond. Writing Center
References
To avoid being accused of plagiarism, it is important to cite your information sources in the body of your paper and to provide a reference list at the end of your paper.
Your instructor will identify the citation style guide you are to use for your assignments and the following link will provide resources to help you cite your references correctly.